精读hot drinks may damage the food pipe and increase cancer risk

英语精读笔记全屏打开 ↗

Very Hot Drinks and Oesophageal Cancer · 烫饮与食管癌
来源:BBC News 健康报道(基于牛津大学研究) / 难度:B2–C1 · 考研 / 雅思 6.5–7 / 词数:556 / 生词:17 / 长句:5

目录:全篇概要 · 原文精读 · 长句拆解 · 地道表达 · 生词分级 · 背景知识 · 笔记勘误

一、全篇概要
结论先行:常喝 65°C 以上的热饮,食管癌风险约为喝温热饮品者的三倍(牛津大学、97.7 万人队列,发表于 International Journal of Cancer)。行文结构:结论 → 机制(烫伤食管内壁)→ 温度刻度与旁证(冲泡温度实测、南美马黛茶、咖啡出品温度)→ 风险对冲(绝对风险很低,戒烟限酒更要紧)。全文是典型英媒健康新闻:动词几乎都用 suggest / may / could,只讲关联不讲因果,读到结论句要先把语气读出来。

二、原文精读
生词在每段首次出现时括注(词性 释义);[…]为语法与逻辑标注。

第1段
Regularly drinking beverages(n. 饮料(正式/行业用语,替代 drink)) like tea and coffee at very hot temperatures increases the risk of[万能搭配:提高…的风险] cancer of the food pipe or gullet(n. 食道、咽喉(口语/旧式说法,正式用 oesophagus)), known as oesophageal(adj. 食管的(美式拼写 esophageal)(oesophagus n. 食管)) cancer[过去分词短语补充说明学名], UK research suggests. Researchers say the findings, from a study of nearly a million people, make this the largest to date[迄今最大(to date = so far)] to establish the link.

要点:导语:一句话给出结论 + 研究规模。注意动词是 suggests 不是 proves。

第2段
In the study, people who had their drinks “very hot” had around a three times higher risk of the cancer than[倍数比较:是…的三倍] “warm” tea or coffee drinkers – although experts stress(v. 强调、着重指出(stress that…)) the overall chances of developing(v. 患(病);逐渐形成(熟词僻义,非「发展」)) this cancer are low[让步:绝对风险仍然很低].

要点:核心数据:风险约三倍。破折号后立刻用 although 给结论降温——这是健康新闻的标准动作。

第3段
Steaming hot liquid can damage the cell lining(n. (器官、容器的)内壁、衬层(cell lining))[lining 内壁衬层] of the food pipe on the way down to the stomach.

要点:机理解释一句话收掉:高温损伤食管内壁细胞。

小标题
Scalding(adj. 滚烫的、烫伤级别的(scalding hot / scalding water)) hot brews(n. 冲泡出来的饮品(茶/咖啡);v. 冲泡、酝酿)

要点:小标题:英媒网稿常用「短标题 + 一两句话一段」的节奏。scalding 比 very hot 更烫,brew 指冲泡出来的茶/咖啡。

第4段
The work by Oxford University, which is published in the International Journal of Cancer, defines any drink at 65 degrees Celsuis or above as[define A as B 把…界定为…] “very hot” and posing(v. 构成、造成(风险/威胁/难题)) a potential risk[pose a risk 构成风险(正式搭配)].

要点:给出可操作的量化门槛:65°C。define A as B 是本段骨架。(原文 Celsuis 系拼写错误,应为 Celsius)

第5段
Consuming(v. 摄入、饮用;消耗(正式语域,consume alcohol)) six or more hot drinks per day[consume 正式语域的「摄入/饮用」] also raises the risk[raise the risk 抬高风险], according to data from 977,282 middle-aged men and women.

要点:第二个维度:量。每天六杯以上同样抬高风险。

第6段
Although adding milk can cool drinks down slightly[让步 + 动名词短语作主语], a milky tea or coffee may still be far too hot[far 加强 too:远远太烫], researchers say.

要点:堵住读者的侥幸心理:加奶也救不回来。far too hot 里 far 修饰 too,表程度远超。

第7段
Tea made immediately after a kettle is fully boiled is touching boiling point[touch 在此 = 接近、达到], which is 100 degrees C (212 degrees F). Once poured into a cup[过去分词作时间状语], that lowers(v. 降低、降下来(熟词僻义,lower the temperature)) to around 90 or 95 degrees C[lower 作动词:降到].

要点:把温度换算成读者能想象的画面:刚烧开≈100°C,倒进杯子还有 90–95°C,远超 65°C 门槛。

第8段
The advice is to wait a few minutes before drinking so the beverage(n. 饮料(正式/行业用语,替代 drink)) cools to a safer temperature[so 引导结果状语从句].

要点:落地建议:等几分钟再喝。

第9段
Cancer Research UK says it’s difficult to put an exact time on[put an exact time on sth 给出确切时间] how long a hot drink should be left to cool. “But if you’re worried, we’d suggest just waiting until it’s comfortable to drink rather than drinking it while it’s still very hot[rather than 而不是],” the charity said.

要点:慈善机构表态:不给精确秒数,只给体感标准——comfortable to drink。

第10段
Lead researcher Dr Keren Papier said research in South America – where many people drink a very hot herbal beverage called mate(n. 马黛茶(南美传统草本热饮,读作 /ˈmɑːteɪ/))[mate 马黛茶(见背景知识)] – had already shown a similar link between hot drinks and oesophageal cancer[past perfect:早于 said 已发现].

要点:旁证:南美马黛茶早有类似发现。注意时态 had shown(相对于 said 的过去完成)。

第11段
But she said: “More research is now needed to identify[被动 + 不定式表目的,论文腔] the exact drink temperatures linked to this increased risk[(be) linked to 与…相关].”

要点:研究者自己划边界:具体多少度仍待确定。

第12段
A separate study of 118 young adults who did multiple tastings of different black coffees[do tastings 做品尝测试] found most only deemed(v. 认定、视为(deem sth to be adj. / deem it necessary)) the drinks to be too hot[deem sth (to be) adj. 认定…为…] if the temperature was 70 degrees C or above.

要点:反直觉细节:人的体感阈值(70°C)高于安全阈值(65°C)——所以「不觉得烫」不等于安全。

第13段
According to one takeaway(adj. 外带的、外卖的(英式;美式用 takeout / to go)) coffee cup manufacturer, the ideal temperature for hot coffee on the go[在路上/外带途中] is between 49 and 60 degrees C. Should a barista(n. 咖啡师、吧台手(意语借词)) want the coffee to stay hotter for longer[倒装 = If a barista should want…] – if a customer requests extra hot – it can be served at over 82 degrees C, says MTPak Coffee.

要点:行业参照:外带咖啡理想 49–60°C,客人要求 extra hot 可超 82°C。Should 提前 = 倒装虚拟条件句。

小标题
Small overall risk

要点:小标题:全文后半段的基调——把风险放回坐标系里。

第14段
The researchers suggest that around one or two in every 10 oesophageal cancers could be avoided[科普写法:用人数代替百分比] if people stopped drinking very hot beverages[与现在事实相反的虚拟条件].

要点:群体层面的归因比例:每 10 例约有 1–2 例可避免。虚拟语气 if … stopped … could be avoided。

第15段
Squamous(adj. 鳞状的(squamous cell 鳞状细胞,医学术语)) cell oesophageal cancer is rare, affecting a few thousand people a year[现在分词短语补充说明]. In the UK, around a 1% of the popularion has a lifetime risk of being diagnosed[lifetime risk 终生风险] with this type of cancer.

要点:分母交代清楚:鳞状食管癌本就罕见,终生风险约 1%。(原文 popularion 应为 population)

第16段
So even if scalding hot drinks might increase someone’s risk[even if 即使(让步)], the chances of them developing the cancer are still low. And there are other factors, such as smoking, which are a bigger risk for oesophageal cancer[a bigger risk 更大的风险因素].

要点:风险排序:烫饮抬风险,但吸烟是更大的风险因素。

第17段
Fiona Osgun from Cancer Research UK, which funded(v. 资助、提供经费) the study[非限制性定语从句(资助方身份)], stressed(v. 强调、着重指出(stress that…)): “The most important ways to reduce the risk of this cancer type are not smoking and cutting down on alcohol[动名词并列作表语;cut down on 减少].”

要点:收束引语:给出真正的优先项——不吸烟、少喝酒。两个动名词并列作表语。

第18段
Symptoms of oesophageal cancer can include heartburn, indigestion or a pain in your throat or chest, along with weight loss[along with 伴随…一并].

要点:英媒健康稿的标配尾巴:列出症状提醒就医,不构成诊断。

三、长句拆解
1. Regularly drinking beverages like tea and coffee at very hot temperatures increases the risk of cancer of the food pipe or gullet, known as oesophageal cancer, UK research suggests.

翻译:英国一项研究提示,经常饮用温度极高的茶、咖啡等饮料,会提高「食物管道」(即食道)罹患癌症——也就是食管癌——的风险。
结构:主干是动名词短语作主语:[Regularly drinking beverages (like tea and coffee) (at very hot temperatures)] increases the risk of cancer。of the food pipe or gullet 说明癌症发生的部位;known as oesophageal cancer 是过去分词短语,补充说明这种癌的学名。句末 UK research suggests 是报道体惯用的「消息来源后置」,相当于补一句「据英国研究称」。
语言点:regularly drinking sth 经常性饮用;food pipe / gullet = oesophagus 食道;known as 被称为;suggest(报道体)提示、表明 ≠ prove 证明
2. In the study, people who had their drinks “very hot” had around a three times higher risk of the cancer than “warm” tea or coffee drinkers – although experts stress the overall chances of developing this cancer are low.

翻译:在这项研究中,习惯喝「很烫」饮品的人,罹患这种癌症的风险约为喝「温热」茶或咖啡者的三倍——不过专家强调,患上此癌的总体概率本身很低。
结构:主干 people … had … a three times higher risk … than …(比较结构,被 than 分成两截)。who had their drinks “very hot” 是定语从句修饰 people,have sth + adj. 表示「让某物处于某种状态」。破折号后 although 引导让步状语从句,其中 stress 后面省略了 that,接宾语从句 the overall chances … are low。
语言点:three times higher than 是…的三倍(不是「高出三倍」);have sth + adj. 使…处于…状态;the chances of doing sth 做…的可能性;develop a disease 患病(熟词僻义);stress v. 强调
3. The work by Oxford University, which is published in the International Journal of Cancer, defines any drink at 65 degrees Celsuis or above as “very hot” and posing a potential risk.

翻译:这项由牛津大学完成、发表在《国际癌症杂志》上的研究,把温度达到 65 摄氏度及以上的任何饮品界定为「很烫」,并认为其构成潜在风险。
结构:主干 The work … defines any drink … as A and B。which is published in … 是非限制性定语从句,只起补充出版信息的作用,读时可先跳过去。define A as B 中,A = any drink (at 65 degrees Celsius or above),B 有两个并列宾语:”very hot” 与 posing a potential risk(第二个 as 省略)。
语言点:define … as … 把…界定为;or above …及以上;pose a risk / threat 构成风险 / 威胁;原文 Celsuis 拼错,正确为 Celsius
4. The researchers suggest that around one or two in every 10 oesophageal cancers could be avoided if people stopped drinking very hot beverages.

翻译:研究者提示,如果人们不再饮用过烫的饮品,大约每 10 例食管癌中就有 1 到 2 例可以避免。
结构:suggest + that 宾语从句;从句内部是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句:if people stopped … , … could be avoided。条件句用过去式 stopped,主句用 could + 被动 be avoided,表示「(假设)不再喝,就能避免」。
语言点:one or two in every 10 每十个中一到两个(科普文替代百分比的说法);avoid v. 避免;虚拟语气 If … did …, … could / would do
5. Should a barista want the coffee to stay hotter for longer – if a customer requests extra hot – it can be served at over 82 degrees C, says MTPak Coffee.

翻译:MTPak Coffee 表示,倘若咖啡师希望咖啡保温更久——比如客人要求 extra hot——出品温度可以超过 82 摄氏度。
结构:句首 Should a barista want … 是省略 if 的倒装虚拟条件句,还原为 If a barista should want …;破折号之间的 if a customer requests extra hot 是插入的场景说明;主句 it can be served at over 82 degrees C 为被动语态;句末 says MTPak Coffee 是报道体的引语后置,主语放在动词之后。
语言点:Should + 主语 + 动词原形 = If … should …(正式倒装);want sth to do 想要某物做…;stay + adj. 保持…状态;be served at … degrees 以…度出品
四、地道表达
to date — 迄今为止、至今(常与最高级连用)
例:the largest to date to establish the link
平淡写法:until now / so far | 为什么地道:论文与新闻里的正式说法,几乎只跟最高级搭配(the largest to date),一用就有学术腔。
research suggests (that)… — 研究表明…(报道体,只讲提示不讲证明)
例:UK research suggests…
平淡写法:research proves | 为什么地道:英媒健康稿的免责用词:suggest / indicate / may 留出不确定性。中文若译成「证明」就把语气加重了,属于硬伤。
pose a risk / pose a threat — 构成风险 / 威胁
例:posing a potential risk
平淡写法:be dangerous | 为什么地道:pose 有「把…摆到台面上」的意象,主语可以是物(a drink poses a risk),正式语域里比 be dangerous 顺得多。
on the go — 在路上、忙碌中;此处指「外带途中饮用」
例:hot coffee on the go
平淡写法:when you are out / busy | 为什么地道:英语高频口语短语,新闻里用它一个词就区分了「堂饮」与「外带」场景。
one or two in every 10 — 每十个中有一到两个(≈10–20%)
例:one or two in every 10 oesophageal cancers could be avoided
平淡写法:10–20% of | 为什么地道:科普报道刻意用「具体人数」替代百分比,读者更容易脑补成画面,这是英媒常用的量化修辞。
deem sth (to be) + adj. — 认定某事物为…(正式)
例:most only deemed the drinks to be too hot
平淡写法:think it is | 为什么地道:调查、研究报道里的「认为」,比 think 正式,也比 consider 更常用于「经过判断后认定」。
be linked to — 与…有关联(只说相关,不说因果)
例:the exact drink temperatures linked to this increased risk
平淡写法:is related to | 为什么地道:科研写作的核心免责词。可对照记忆:establish a link(证实存在关联)→ link ≠ cause(关联不等于因果)。
五、生词分级
高频核心(5)
develop v. 患(病);逐渐形成(熟词僻义,非「发展」) —— 原文:developing
stress v. 强调、着重指出(stress that…) —— 原文:stress
consume v. 摄入、饮用;消耗(正式语域,consume alcohol) —— 原文:Consuming
lower v. 降低、降下来(熟词僻义,lower the temperature) —— 原文:lowers
fund v. 资助、提供经费 —— 原文:funded
进阶(9)
beverage n. 饮料(正式/行业用语,替代 drink) —— 原文:beverage
scalding adj. 滚烫的、烫伤级别的(scalding hot / scalding water) —— 原文:Scalding
lining n. (器官、容器的)内壁、衬层(cell lining) —— 原文:lining
brew n. 冲泡出来的饮品(茶/咖啡);v. 冲泡、酝酿 —— 原文:brew
pose v. 构成、造成(风险/威胁/难题) —— 原文:posing
deem v. 认定、视为(deem sth to be adj. / deem it necessary) —— 原文:deemed
barista n. 咖啡师、吧台手(意语借词) —— 原文:barista
takeaway adj. 外带的、外卖的(英式;美式用 takeout / to go) —— 原文:takeaway
oesophageal adj. 食管的(美式拼写 esophageal)(oesophagus n. 食管) —— 原文:oesophageal
认知即可(3)
gullet n. 食道、咽喉(口语/旧式说法,正式用 oesophagus) —— 原文:gullet
squamous adj. 鳞状的(squamous cell 鳞状细胞,医学术语) —— 原文:Squamous
mate n. 马黛茶(南美传统草本热饮,读作 /ˈmɑːteɪ/) —— 原文:mate
六、背景知识
这项牛津研究 (文中信息):样本量 977,282 名英国中老年人,发表于 International Journal of Cancer,第一作者为牛津大学的 Keren Papier 博士,由 Cancer Research UK 资助。报道称「很烫」(≥65°C)饮品与食管鳞癌风险约呈三倍关联——注意是队列研究得出的关联,不是随机对照实验的因果证明。
马黛茶 mate 与 65°C 门槛 (WHO / IARC(背景常识)):马黛茶是阿根廷、乌拉圭、巴拉圭等南美国家的传统草本热饮,用金属吸管从葫芦杯中吸饮,常以 70°C 以上温度入口,当地食管癌发病率偏高。世界卫生组织下属 IARC 在 2016 年把「饮用 65°C 以上的极热饮品」列为 2A 类「很可能对人类致癌」因素。
食管癌的两大类型 (医学常识):鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma)长在食管内壁上皮,与吸烟、饮酒、烫饮关系密切;腺癌(adenocarcinoma)多长在食管下段,与胃食管反流、肥胖相关。欧美近年腺癌占比上升,而鳞癌仍是全球范围的主要类型。
英媒健康新闻的措辞规范 (媒体素养 / 写作修辞):典型套路:结论用 suggest / may / could,紧接着用 although / but 给风险降温,结尾一定回到「更重要的是戒烟限酒」这类已确立的公共卫生建议。读这类文章时,先把「相对风险(三倍)」和「绝对风险(终生约 1%)」分开看,才不会被标题吓到。

扫码访问小程序中的本文

微信小程序二维码
© 版权声明
THE END
喜欢就支持一下吧
点赞0赞赏 分享
评论 抢沙发

请登录后发表评论

    暂无评论内容