Very Hot Drinks and Oesophageal Cancer · 烫饮与食管癌

Regularly drinking beverages like tea and coffee at very hot temperatures increases the risk of（万能搭配：提高…的风险） cancer of the food pipe or gullet, known as oesophageal cancer（过去分词短语补充说明学名）, UK research suggests. Researchers say the findings, from a study of nearly a million people, make this the largest to date（迄今最大（to date = so far）） to establish the link.

In the study, people who had their drinks "very hot" had around a three times higher risk of the cancer than（倍数比较：是…的三倍） "warm" tea or coffee drinkers - although experts stress the overall chances of developing this cancer are low（让步：绝对风险仍然很低）.

Steaming hot liquid can damage the cell lining（lining 内壁衬层） of the food pipe on the way down to the stomach.

Scalding hot brews

The work by Oxford University, which is published in the International Journal of Cancer, defines any drink at 65 degrees Celsuis or above as（define A as B 把…界定为…） "very hot" and posing a potential risk（pose a risk 构成风险（正式搭配））.

Consuming six or more hot drinks per day（consume 正式语域的「摄入/饮用」） also raises the risk（raise the risk 抬高风险）, according to data from 977,282 middle-aged men and women.

Although adding milk can cool drinks down slightly（让步 + 动名词短语作主语）, a milky tea or coffee may still be far too hot（far 加强 too：远远太烫）, researchers say.

Tea made immediately after a kettle is fully boiled is touching boiling point（touch 在此 = 接近、达到）, which is 100 degrees C (212 degrees F). Once poured into a cup（过去分词作时间状语）, that lowers to around 90 or 95 degrees C（lower 作动词：降到）.

The advice is to wait a few minutes before drinking so the beverage cools to a safer temperature（so 引导结果状语从句）.

Cancer Research UK says it's difficult to put an exact time on（put an exact time on sth 给出确切时间） how long a hot drink should be left to cool. "But if you're worried, we'd suggest just waiting until it's comfortable to drink rather than drinking it while it's still very hot（rather than 而不是）," the charity said.

Lead researcher Dr Keren Papier said research in South America - where many people drink a very hot herbal beverage called mate（mate 马黛茶（见背景知识）） - had already shown a similar link between hot drinks and oesophageal cancer（past perfect：早于 said 已发现）.

But she said: "More research is now needed to identify（被动 + 不定式表目的，论文腔） the exact drink temperatures linked to this increased risk（(be) linked to 与…相关）."

A separate study of 118 young adults who did multiple tastings of different black coffees（do tastings 做品尝测试） found most only deemed the drinks to be too hot（deem sth (to be) adj. 认定…为…） if the temperature was 70 degrees C or above.

According to one takeaway coffee cup manufacturer, the ideal temperature for hot coffee on the go（在路上/外带途中） is between 49 and 60 degrees C. Should a barista want the coffee to stay hotter for longer（倒装 = If a barista should want…） - if a customer requests extra hot - it can be served at over 82 degrees C, says MTPak Coffee.

Small overall risk

The researchers suggest that around one or two in every 10 oesophageal cancers could be avoided（科普写法：用人数代替百分比） if people stopped drinking very hot beverages（与现在事实相反的虚拟条件）.

Squamous cell oesophageal cancer is rare, affecting a few thousand people a year（现在分词短语补充说明）. In the UK, around a 1% of the popularion has a lifetime risk of being diagnosed（lifetime risk 终生风险） with this type of cancer.

So even if scalding hot drinks might increase someone's risk（even if 即使（让步））, the chances of them developing the cancer are still low. And there are other factors, such as smoking, which are a bigger risk for oesophageal cancer（a bigger risk 更大的风险因素）.

Fiona Osgun from Cancer Research UK, which funded the study（非限制性定语从句（资助方身份））, stressed: "The most important ways to reduce the risk of this cancer type are not smoking and cutting down on alcohol（动名词并列作表语；cut down on 减少）."

Symptoms of oesophageal cancer can include heartburn, indigestion or a pain in your throat or chest, along with weight loss（along with 伴随…一并）.

Regularly drinking beverages like tea and coffee at very hot temperatures increases the risk of（万能搭配：提高…的风险） cancer of the food pipe or gullet, known as oesophageal cancer（过去分词短语补充说明学名）, UK research suggests. Researchers say the findings, from a study of nearly a million people, make this the largest to date（迄今最大（to date = so far）） to establish the link.

In the study, people who had their drinks "very hot" had around a three times higher risk of the cancer than（倍数比较：是…的三倍） "warm" tea or coffee drinkers - although experts stress the overall chances of developing this cancer are low（让步：绝对风险仍然很低）.

Steaming hot liquid can damage the cell lining（lining 内壁衬层） of the food pipe on the way down to the stomach.

Scalding hot brews

The work by Oxford University, which is published in the International Journal of Cancer, defines any drink at 65 degrees Celsuis or above as（define A as B 把…界定为…） "very hot" and posing a potential risk（pose a risk 构成风险（正式搭配））.

Consuming six or more hot drinks per day（consume 正式语域的「摄入/饮用」） also raises the risk（raise the risk 抬高风险）, according to data from 977,282 middle-aged men and women.

Although adding milk can cool drinks down slightly（让步 + 动名词短语作主语）, a milky tea or coffee may still be far too hot（far 加强 too：远远太烫）, researchers say.

Tea made immediately after a kettle is fully boiled is touching boiling point（touch 在此 = 接近、达到）, which is 100 degrees C (212 degrees F). Once poured into a cup（过去分词作时间状语）, that lowers to around 90 or 95 degrees C（lower 作动词：降到）.

The advice is to wait a few minutes before drinking so the beverage cools to a safer temperature（so 引导结果状语从句）.

Cancer Research UK says it's difficult to put an exact time on（put an exact time on sth 给出确切时间） how long a hot drink should be left to cool. "But if you're worried, we'd suggest just waiting until it's comfortable to drink rather than drinking it while it's still very hot（rather than 而不是）," the charity said.

Lead researcher Dr Keren Papier said research in South America - where many people drink a very hot herbal beverage called mate（mate 马黛茶（见背景知识）） - had already shown a similar link between hot drinks and oesophageal cancer（past perfect：早于 said 已发现）.

But she said: "More research is now needed to identify（被动 + 不定式表目的，论文腔） the exact drink temperatures linked to this increased risk（(be) linked to 与…相关）."

A separate study of 118 young adults who did multiple tastings of different black coffees（do tastings 做品尝测试） found most only deemed the drinks to be too hot（deem sth (to be) adj. 认定…为…） if the temperature was 70 degrees C or above.

According to one takeaway coffee cup manufacturer, the ideal temperature for hot coffee on the go（在路上/外带途中） is between 49 and 60 degrees C. Should a barista want the coffee to stay hotter for longer（倒装 = If a barista should want…） - if a customer requests extra hot - it can be served at over 82 degrees C, says MTPak Coffee.

Small overall risk

The researchers suggest that around one or two in every 10 oesophageal cancers could be avoided（科普写法：用人数代替百分比） if people stopped drinking very hot beverages（与现在事实相反的虚拟条件）.

Squamous cell oesophageal cancer is rare, affecting a few thousand people a year（现在分词短语补充说明）. In the UK, around a 1% of the popularion has a lifetime risk of being diagnosed（lifetime risk 终生风险） with this type of cancer.

So even if scalding hot drinks might increase someone's risk（even if 即使（让步））, the chances of them developing the cancer are still low. And there are other factors, such as smoking, which are a bigger risk for oesophageal cancer（a bigger risk 更大的风险因素）.

Fiona Osgun from Cancer Research UK, which funded the study（非限制性定语从句（资助方身份））, stressed: "The most important ways to reduce the risk of this cancer type are not smoking and cutting down on alcohol（动名词并列作表语；cut down on 减少）."

Symptoms of oesophageal cancer can include heartburn, indigestion or a pain in your throat or chest, along with weight loss（along with 伴随…一并）.

Regularly drinking beverages like tea and coffee at very hot temperatures increases the risk of（万能搭配：提高…的风险） cancer of the food pipe or gullet, known as oesophageal cancer（过去分词短语补充说明学名）, UK research suggests. Researchers say the findings, from a study of nearly a million people, make this the largest to date（迄今最大（to date = so far）） to establish the link.

In the study, people who had their drinks "very hot" had around a three times higher risk of the cancer than（倍数比较：是…的三倍） "warm" tea or coffee drinkers - although experts stress the overall chances of developing this cancer are low（让步：绝对风险仍然很低）.

Steaming hot liquid can damage the cell lining（lining 内壁衬层） of the food pipe on the way down to the stomach.

Scalding hot brews

The work by Oxford University, which is published in the International Journal of Cancer, defines any drink at 65 degrees Celsuis or above as（define A as B 把…界定为…） "very hot" and posing a potential risk（pose a risk 构成风险（正式搭配））.

Consuming six or more hot drinks per day（consume 正式语域的「摄入/饮用」） also raises the risk（raise the risk 抬高风险）, according to data from 977,282 middle-aged men and women.

Although adding milk can cool drinks down slightly（让步 + 动名词短语作主语）, a milky tea or coffee may still be far too hot（far 加强 too：远远太烫）, researchers say.

Tea made immediately after a kettle is fully boiled is touching boiling point（touch 在此 = 接近、达到）, which is 100 degrees C (212 degrees F). Once poured into a cup（过去分词作时间状语）, that lowers to around 90 or 95 degrees C（lower 作动词：降到）.

The advice is to wait a few minutes before drinking so the beverage cools to a safer temperature（so 引导结果状语从句）.

Cancer Research UK says it's difficult to put an exact time on（put an exact time on sth 给出确切时间） how long a hot drink should be left to cool. "But if you're worried, we'd suggest just waiting until it's comfortable to drink rather than drinking it while it's still very hot（rather than 而不是）," the charity said.

Lead researcher Dr Keren Papier said research in South America - where many people drink a very hot herbal beverage called mate（mate 马黛茶（见背景知识）） - had already shown a similar link between hot drinks and oesophageal cancer（past perfect：早于 said 已发现）.

But she said: "More research is now needed to identify（被动 + 不定式表目的，论文腔） the exact drink temperatures linked to this increased risk（(be) linked to 与…相关）."

A separate study of 118 young adults who did multiple tastings of different black coffees（do tastings 做品尝测试） found most only deemed the drinks to be too hot（deem sth (to be) adj. 认定…为…） if the temperature was 70 degrees C or above.

According to one takeaway coffee cup manufacturer, the ideal temperature for hot coffee on the go（在路上/外带途中） is between 49 and 60 degrees C. Should a barista want the coffee to stay hotter for longer（倒装 = If a barista should want…） - if a customer requests extra hot - it can be served at over 82 degrees C, says MTPak Coffee.

Small overall risk

The researchers suggest that around one or two in every 10 oesophageal cancers could be avoided（科普写法：用人数代替百分比） if people stopped drinking very hot beverages（与现在事实相反的虚拟条件）.

Squamous cell oesophageal cancer is rare, affecting a few thousand people a year（现在分词短语补充说明）. In the UK, around a 1% of the popularion has a lifetime risk of being diagnosed（lifetime risk 终生风险） with this type of cancer.

So even if scalding hot drinks might increase someone's risk（even if 即使（让步））, the chances of them developing the cancer are still low. And there are other factors, such as smoking, which are a bigger risk for oesophageal cancer（a bigger risk 更大的风险因素）.

Fiona Osgun from Cancer Research UK, which funded the study（非限制性定语从句（资助方身份））, stressed: "The most important ways to reduce the risk of this cancer type are not smoking and cutting down on alcohol（动名词并列作表语；cut down on 减少）."

Symptoms of oesophageal cancer can include heartburn, indigestion or a pain in your throat or chest, along with weight loss（along with 伴随…一并）.

Regularly drinking beverages like tea and coffee at very hot temperatures increases the risk of（万能搭配：提高…的风险） cancer of the food pipe or gullet, known as oesophageal cancer（过去分词短语补充说明学名）, UK research suggests. Researchers say the findings, from a study of nearly a million people, make this the largest to date（迄今最大（to date = so far）） to establish the link.

In the study, people who had their drinks "very hot" had around a three times higher risk of the cancer than（倍数比较：是…的三倍） "warm" tea or coffee drinkers - although experts stress the overall chances of developing this cancer are low（让步：绝对风险仍然很低）.

Steaming hot liquid can damage the cell lining（lining 内壁衬层） of the food pipe on the way down to the stomach.

Scalding hot brews

The work by Oxford University, which is published in the International Journal of Cancer, defines any drink at 65 degrees Celsuis or above as（define A as B 把…界定为…） "very hot" and posing a potential risk（pose a risk 构成风险（正式搭配））.

Consuming six or more hot drinks per day（consume 正式语域的「摄入/饮用」） also raises the risk（raise the risk 抬高风险）, according to data from 977,282 middle-aged men and women.

Although adding milk can cool drinks down slightly（让步 + 动名词短语作主语）, a milky tea or coffee may still be far too hot（far 加强 too：远远太烫）, researchers say.

Tea made immediately after a kettle is fully boiled is touching boiling point（touch 在此 = 接近、达到）, which is 100 degrees C (212 degrees F). Once poured into a cup（过去分词作时间状语）, that lowers to around 90 or 95 degrees C（lower 作动词：降到）.

The advice is to wait a few minutes before drinking so the beverage cools to a safer temperature（so 引导结果状语从句）.

Cancer Research UK says it's difficult to put an exact time on（put an exact time on sth 给出确切时间） how long a hot drink should be left to cool. "But if you're worried, we'd suggest just waiting until it's comfortable to drink rather than drinking it while it's still very hot（rather than 而不是）," the charity said.

Lead researcher Dr Keren Papier said research in South America - where many people drink a very hot herbal beverage called mate（mate 马黛茶（见背景知识）） - had already shown a similar link between hot drinks and oesophageal cancer（past perfect：早于 said 已发现）.

But she said: "More research is now needed to identify（被动 + 不定式表目的，论文腔） the exact drink temperatures linked to this increased risk（(be) linked to 与…相关）."

A separate study of 118 young adults who did multiple tastings of different black coffees（do tastings 做品尝测试） found most only deemed the drinks to be too hot（deem sth (to be) adj. 认定…为…） if the temperature was 70 degrees C or above.

According to one takeaway coffee cup manufacturer, the ideal temperature for hot coffee on the go（在路上/外带途中） is between 49 and 60 degrees C. Should a barista want the coffee to stay hotter for longer（倒装 = If a barista should want…） - if a customer requests extra hot - it can be served at over 82 degrees C, says MTPak Coffee.

Small overall risk

The researchers suggest that around one or two in every 10 oesophageal cancers could be avoided（科普写法：用人数代替百分比） if people stopped drinking very hot beverages（与现在事实相反的虚拟条件）.

Squamous cell oesophageal cancer is rare, affecting a few thousand people a year（现在分词短语补充说明）. In the UK, around a 1% of the popularion has a lifetime risk of being diagnosed（lifetime risk 终生风险） with this type of cancer.

So even if scalding hot drinks might increase someone's risk（even if 即使（让步））, the chances of them developing the cancer are still low. And there are other factors, such as smoking, which are a bigger risk for oesophageal cancer（a bigger risk 更大的风险因素）.

Fiona Osgun from Cancer Research UK, which funded the study（非限制性定语从句（资助方身份））, stressed: "The most important ways to reduce the risk of this cancer type are not smoking and cutting down on alcohol（动名词并列作表语；cut down on 减少）."

Symptoms of oesophageal cancer can include heartburn, indigestion or a pain in your throat or chest, along with weight loss（along with 伴随…一并）.

Regularly drinking beverages like tea and coffee at very hot temperatures increases the risk of（万能搭配：提高…的风险） cancer of the food pipe or gullet, known as oesophageal cancer（过去分词短语补充说明学名）, UK research suggests. Researchers say the findings, from a study of nearly a million people, make this the largest to date（迄今最大（to date = so far）） to establish the link.

In the study, people who had their drinks "very hot" had around a three times higher risk of the cancer than（倍数比较：是…的三倍） "warm" tea or coffee drinkers - although experts stress the overall chances of developing this cancer are low（让步：绝对风险仍然很低）.

Steaming hot liquid can damage the cell lining（lining 内壁衬层） of the food pipe on the way down to the stomach.

Scalding hot brews

The work by Oxford University, which is published in the International Journal of Cancer, defines any drink at 65 degrees Celsuis or above as（define A as B 把…界定为…） "very hot" and posing a potential risk（pose a risk 构成风险（正式搭配））.

Consuming six or more hot drinks per day（consume 正式语域的「摄入/饮用」） also raises the risk（raise the risk 抬高风险）, according to data from 977,282 middle-aged men and women.

Although adding milk can cool drinks down slightly（让步 + 动名词短语作主语）, a milky tea or coffee may still be far too hot（far 加强 too：远远太烫）, researchers say.

Tea made immediately after a kettle is fully boiled is touching boiling point（touch 在此 = 接近、达到）, which is 100 degrees C (212 degrees F). Once poured into a cup（过去分词作时间状语）, that lowers to around 90 or 95 degrees C（lower 作动词：降到）.

The advice is to wait a few minutes before drinking so the beverage cools to a safer temperature（so 引导结果状语从句）.

Cancer Research UK says it's difficult to put an exact time on（put an exact time on sth 给出确切时间） how long a hot drink should be left to cool. "But if you're worried, we'd suggest just waiting until it's comfortable to drink rather than drinking it while it's still very hot（rather than 而不是）," the charity said.

Lead researcher Dr Keren Papier said research in South America - where many people drink a very hot herbal beverage called mate（mate 马黛茶（见背景知识）） - had already shown a similar link between hot drinks and oesophageal cancer（past perfect：早于 said 已发现）.

But she said: "More research is now needed to identify（被动 + 不定式表目的，论文腔） the exact drink temperatures linked to this increased risk（(be) linked to 与…相关）."

A separate study of 118 young adults who did multiple tastings of different black coffees（do tastings 做品尝测试） found most only deemed the drinks to be too hot（deem sth (to be) adj. 认定…为…） if the temperature was 70 degrees C or above.

According to one takeaway coffee cup manufacturer, the ideal temperature for hot coffee on the go（在路上/外带途中） is between 49 and 60 degrees C. Should a barista want the coffee to stay hotter for longer（倒装 = If a barista should want…） - if a customer requests extra hot - it can be served at over 82 degrees C, says MTPak Coffee.

Small overall risk

The researchers suggest that around one or two in every 10 oesophageal cancers could be avoided（科普写法：用人数代替百分比） if people stopped drinking very hot beverages（与现在事实相反的虚拟条件）.

Squamous cell oesophageal cancer is rare, affecting a few thousand people a year（现在分词短语补充说明）. In the UK, around a 1% of the popularion has a lifetime risk of being diagnosed（lifetime risk 终生风险） with this type of cancer.

So even if scalding hot drinks might increase someone's risk（even if 即使（让步））, the chances of them developing the cancer are still low. And there are other factors, such as smoking, which are a bigger risk for oesophageal cancer（a bigger risk 更大的风险因素）.

Fiona Osgun from Cancer Research UK, which funded the study（非限制性定语从句（资助方身份））, stressed: "The most important ways to reduce the risk of this cancer type are not smoking and cutting down on alcohol（动名词并列作表语；cut down on 减少）."

Symptoms of oesophageal cancer can include heartburn, indigestion or a pain in your throat or chest, along with weight loss（along with 伴随…一并）.