初中英语 · 主谓一致系统讲义
谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。中考常考的不是”会不会”,而是”看形式还是看意义、就近还是就前“。
一、三大基本原则(先背框架)
| 原则 | 判断标准 | 典型句型 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 语法一致 (看形式) |
主语单数 → 谓语单数;主语复数 → 谓语复数。按语法形式判断。 | The book is…The books are… |
| ② 意义一致 (看意思) |
按主语的实际含义判断,不管形式是单还是复。 | The family is…(整体)The family are…(成员) |
| ③ 就近原则 (看邻居) |
谓语与最靠近它的主语一致。 | Either you or he is…There is a book… |
很多同学死记”语法一致”,结果遇到
family、news、the number of 全部翻车。规则永远排序为:先看就近触发词 → 再看意义(集合/整体)→ 最后语法形式。
二、16个重难点(逐个突破)
1. 不定代词作主语 → 一律单数
someone/somebody, anyone/anybody, everyone/everybody, no one/nobody, something/anything/nothing/everything 等”复合不定代词”作主语,谓语用单数。
Everyone is here. / Nothing is impossible.
none of + 名词 谓语单、复均可,强调个体用复、强调整体用单:None of us is/are afraid.2. 集合名词 → 整体单数 / 成员复数
family, class, team, group, crowd, public, government 等:
- 强调整体(一个单位)→ 单数:
My family is a big one. - 强调成员(每个人)→ 复数:
My family are watching TV.
3. “名词 + 附加成分” 不改性数
主语后面跟 with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, except, like, including, rather than, but 等,谓语动词仍看最前面的主语。
The teacher with his students is coming. (看 teacher,单数)
4. and 连接的两个名词 → 看是否”同一概念”
| 情况 | 谓语 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 指不同的人或物 | 复数 | Tom and Jerry are friends. |
| 指同一人/物/整体 | 单数 | The teacher and writer is Mr. Li.(同一个人) |
由 and 连接的食物整体 |
单数 | Bread and butter is my favorite. |
5. 并列连词触发”就近原则”
either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, or 连接两个主语时,谓语与最近的主语一致。
Neither the students nor the teacher knows it.(看 teacher)
Not only the teacher but also the students are here.(看 students)
6. both…and… → 永远复数
Both you and I are right.
7. a number of vs the number of(高频坑)
| 短语 | 含义 | 谓语 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
a number of + 复数名词 |
“许多”(中心词是名词) | 复数 | A number of students are ill. |
the number of + 复数名词 |
“……的数量”(中心词是 number) | 单数 | The number of students is 50. |
8. 分数 / 百分数 + of → 看 of 后名词
谓语单复数取决于 of 后面的名词:
Two thirds of the students are… (students 复数)
Two thirds of the water is… (water 不可数)
9. 时间 / 距离 / 金钱 / 度量 → 整体单数
当作一个整体数量,谓语用单数:
Ten years is a long time. / Five dollars is enough. / Two miles is far.
10. 动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语 → 单数
Reading is learning. / To see is to believe. / What he said is true.
11. each / every 修饰 → 单数
each / every + 单数名词→ 单数:Each student has a book.every A and every B→ 单数:Every boy and every girl is here.each在复数主语后作同位语,谓语仍看主语:The students each have a book.
12. 以 -s 结尾的名词 → 看清类别
| 类别 | 谓语 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 学科/疾病/游戏/国名 | 单数 | Maths is… Physics is… The news is… The United States is… |
| 成双成对的物品 | 复数 | My glasses are… / scissors / trousers / shoes |
| 前有 a pair of | 看 pair | A pair of glasses is on the desk. |
13. there be 句型 → 就近原则
There is a pen and two books… / There are two books and a pen…
14. 定语从句中 who/which/that 的数
关系代词的谓语与先行词一致:
He is one of the students who study hard.(先行词 students 复数 → study)He is the only one of the students who studies hard.(先行词 the only one 单数 → studies)
15. 倒装 / 主语后置
副词 here, there, out, in 等开头的倒装句,谓语与后置主语一致:
Here comes the bus. / Here are some books.
16. 主语为书名/格言/单数概念
书名、报纸名、谚语作主语,即使内部有复数词,仍用单数:
“The Arabian Nights” is a famous book.
三、易错点”红牌”警示
记住:the number of 才是”数量”,用单数;a number of = many,用复数。
family/class 在中文里常当”成员”,但英语里表整体要用单数。先判断题干强调”整体”还是”成员”。
A with B 是”加修饰”,谓语随 A;A and B 才是并列,谓语随复数。这是中考最爱挖的坑。只有
either…or / neither…nor / not only…but also / not…but / or / there be 才就近,both…and 是复数,不就近。分数百分数本身不决定单复数,看 of 后面跟的是什么名词。
这些以 -s 结尾的词其实是单数不可数/学科名词。
one of the + 复数名词 + 定语从句 → 从句谓语复数;加 the only 修饰 one → 单数。
四、真题演练(含解析)
A. is B. are C. were D. be
A. goes B. go C. went D. going
A. is B. are C. were D. be
A. have B. has C. having D. to have
A. is B. are C. be D. am
A. like B. likes C. liking D. to like
A. is B. are C. were D. be
A. is B. are C. be D. am
A. is B. are C. be D. am
A. is B. was C. were D. be
五、速记口诀
① 看就近:either/neither/not only…but also/there be/or —— 谁近跟谁走。
② 看意义:family/class 整体单、成员复;时间金钱距离当整体单。
③ 看形式:with/as well as 不改数;and 不同事物才用复;the number 单、a number 复。
六、自测清单(学完打勾)
- 我能区分语法一致 / 意义一致 / 就近原则
- 我分得清 a number of 与 the number of
- 我知道 with / as well as 不改主语的数
- 我记住了就近原则的 6 个触发词
- 我会判断集体名词用单数还是复数
- 我知道分数/百分数看 of 后面的名词
- 我不会把 news / maths / physics 当复数
- 我会判断 one of… 定语从句里 who 的数
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